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James's Coffee-house, either by miscalling the Servants, or requiring such things from them as are not properly within their respective Provinces; this is to give Notice, that Kidney, Keeper of the Book-Debts of the outlying Customers, and Observer of those who go off without paying, having resigned that Employment, is succeeded by John Sowton; to whose Place of Enterer of Messages and first Coffee-Grinder, William Bird is promoted; and Samuel Burdock comes as Shooe-Cleaner in the Room of the said Bird.
They are not only instructed to pronounce Words distinctly, and in a proper Tone and Accent, but to speak the Language with great Purity and Volubility of Tongue, together with all the fashionable Phrases and Compliments now in use either at Tea-Tables or visiting Days. Those that have good Voices may be taught to sing the newest Opera-Airs, and, if requir'd, to speak either Italian or French, paying something extraordinary above the common Rates.
They whose Friends are not able to pay the full Prices may be taken as Half-boarders. She teaches such as are design'd for the Diversion of the Publick, and to act in enchanted Woods on the Theatres, by the Great. As she has often observ'd with much Concern how indecent an Education is usually given these innocent Creatures, which in some Measure is owing to their being plac'd in Rooms next the Street, where, to the great Offence of chaste and tender Ears, they learn Ribaldry, obscene Songs, and immodest Expressions from Passengers and idle People, and also to cry Fish and Card-matches, with other useless Parts of Learning to Birds who have rich Friends, she has fitted up proper and neat Apartments for them in the back Part of her said House; where she suffers none to approach them but her self, and a Servant Maid who is deaf and dumb, and whom she provided on purpose to prepare their Food and cleanse their Cages; having found by long Experience how hard a thing it is for those to keep Silence who have the Use of Speech, and the Dangers her Scholars are expos'd to by the strong Impressions that are made by harsh Sounds and vulgar Dialects.
In short, if they are Birds of any Parts or Capacity, she will undertake to render them so accomplish'd in the Compass of a Twelve-month, that they shall be fit Conversation for such Ladies as love to chuse their Friends and Companions out of this Species. Powell, as sometimes raising himself Applause from the ill Taste of an Audience; I must do him the Justice to own, that he is excellently formed for a Tragoedian, and, when he pleases, deserves the Admiration of the best Judges; as I doubt not but he will in the Conquest of Mexico, which is acted for his own Benefit To-morrow Night.
She is also well-skilled in the Drapery-part, and puts on Hoods and mixes Ribbons so as to suit the Colours of the Face with great Art and Success. Trigeminal activity controlled by CGRP receptor activation could indeed be a pivot point in headache generation and therapy. However, measurable circulating concentrations of CGRP are far too low to explain any receptor effects, while it is difficult to assess its real concentrations near the likely release sites, namely the meningeal terminals of trigeminal afferents, the trigeminal ganglion and the central terminals in the trigemino-cervical brainstem complex.
The central effects of CGRP as a synaptic neuromodulator could explain neuronal CGRP effects to some extent but big molecules like monoclonal antibodies are unlikely to pass the blood-brain barrier and may not be able to act there. Peripheral effects of CGRP are largely confined to its well-known vascular functions, while fast neuronal effects are not established so far in the trigeminal system.
The trigeminal ganglion is a possible point of CGRP action but only few experiments have shown an impact on the signalling or metabolic changes of ganglion neurons. Therefore new experimental approaches are needed to uncover the secrets of the nociceptive CGRP signalling system and its therapeutic control. Medical management of headache disorders, for the vast majority of people affected by them, can and should be carried out in primary care.
It does not require specialist skills. Nonetheless, it is recognised that non-specialists throughout Europe may have received limited training in the diagnosis and treatment of headache. This publication, in the Journal of Headache and Pain , provides a combination of educational materials and practical management aids.
It is a product of the Global Campaign against Headache, a programme of action for the benefit of people with headache conducted by the UK-registered non-governmental organization Lifting The Burden LTB in official relations with the World Health Organization. It updates the first edition [1], published 10 years ago.
It has undergone review by a wider consultation group of headache experts, including representatives of the member national societies of EHF, primary-care physicians from eight countries of Europe, and lay advocates from the European Headache Alliance.
While the focus is Europe, the inclusion in the consultation group of members from all six world regions has aimed for cross-cultural relevance of all content so that it is useful to a much wider population. The European principles of management of headache disorders in primary care , laid out in 11 sections, are the core of the content. Each of these is more-or-less stand-alone, in order to act as practical management aids as well as educational resources.
There is a set of additional practical management aids. An abbreviated version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition ICHD-3 , provides diagnostic criteria for the few headache disorders relevant to primary care. A headache diary further assists diagnosis and a headache calendar assists follow-up. A measure of headache impact the HALT index can be employed in pre-treatment assessment of illness severity, and an outcome measure the HURT questionnaire is a guide to follow-up and need for treatment-review.
Five patient information leaflets are included, which may be offered to patients to improve their understanding of their headache disorders and their management. We hope for benefits for both physicians and patients. Several data indicate that migraine, especially migraine with aura, is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and other vascular events. Of concern is whether the risk of ischemic stroke in migraineurs is magnified by the use of hormonal contraceptives HCs.
As migraine prevalence is high in women of reproductive age, it is common to face the issue of migraine and HC use in clinical practice. The document pointed out that evidence addressing the risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs is generally poor. All information relies on observational data, which may carry the risk of potential bias.
Available studies had different settings and used different groups for comparing risks, limiting reliable comparison of studies as a pooled analysis of data. Most of the available studies were published several years ago and used compounds which are different from those available today. Additionally, in most studies not enough information is available regarding the type of HC considered and in most cases results are not provided according to migraine type.
Despite those limitations, available data pointed toward an increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with the use of HCs in women with migraine. Literature indicated that, whereas combined HCs carry a certain risk of arterial ischemic events this does not happen for progestogens-only HCs which are considered safe in terms of cardiovascular risk even in the presence of associated risk factors.
Considering those data, and unless studies will prove safety of the use of combined HCs in women with migraine, the recommendations from the Consensus Group gave priority to safety and suggested several limitations in the use of combined HCs in women with migraine. There are alternative methods to combined HCs which provide similar contraceptive benefits but that are much safer in terms of risks. Further research is need to address safety of newer compounds in women with migraine.
J Headache Pain ;in press. Neuropathic pain is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. The term lesion is refers to nervous system damage demonstrated by imaging, neurophysiology, biopsies or surgical evidence. The term disease is used when the nervous system damage is due to a neurological disorder such as stroke or peripheral diabetes neuropathy.
In peripheral neuropathic pain there is usually a mixture of damaged and undamaged axons within the peripheral nerve, leading to the clinical presentation with ongoing pain, sensory loss and sensory gain hyperalgesia, allodynia.
The clinical presentation in central neuropathic pain is similar, but the mechanisms are less well understood. Mechanisms of peripheral neuropathic pain include ectopic impulse generation, peripheral sensitization of undamaged nerve fibers, and central sensitization; the latter includes altered signal processing in the CNS due to changes in descending pain modulation.
For this reason the exact prevalence of neuropathic pain is not yet known, but is expected to be high due to the high prevalence of the underlying neurological disorders.
A range of clinical neurophysiological and functional imaging studies have suggested that migraine might be associated with cerebellar dysfunction. These studies all had methodological short-comings to a greater or lesser extent. Therefore, it is still uncertain whether migraine is associated with cerebellar dysfunction, and, if so, to what extent and why.
Recent anatomical studies demonstrated that the output of the cerebellum targets multiple non-motor areas in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. Neuro-anatomy and functions of the cerebellum will be reviewed as well as the evidence of cerebellar infarcts in migraineurs. During the last decades, the methods of neurophysiology proved to be very effective in disclosing subtle functional abnormalities of the brain of patients affected by primary headache disorders.
These methods received several refinements during the last years, further improving our understanding of headaches pathophysiology. Abnormal increased responsivity was several times revealed with almost all the sensory modalities of stimulation in migraine between attacks, with its normalization during the attacks. Recently, authors observed that the degree of some neurophysiological abnormalities might depends on the distance from the last attack, i.
Somatosensory cortex lateral inhibition, gating, and interhemispheric inhibition were altered in migraine, and may contribute to cortical hyperresponsivity and clinical features. Cluster headache patients are characterized by a deficient habituation of the brainstem blink reflex during the bout, outside of attacks, on the affected side.
Evidence for sensitization of pain processing was disclosed by studying temporal summation threshold of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex, which was less modulated by supraspinal descending inhibitory controls. In conclusion, much has been discovered and much more needs to be investigated to better understand what causes, how it triggers, keeps and runs out recurrent primary headaches. Clarifying some of these mechanisms might help in the identification of new therapeutic targets. Within the brain, neuropeptides can modulate the strength of synaptic signaling even at a relatively large distance from their site of release.
Given the evidence for CGRP in migraine and potential roles for other hypothalamic peptides, it seems likely that altered neuropeptide actions may be a general theme underlying the heightened sensory state of migraine. Towards this point, I will briefly discuss our preclinical CGRP and optogenetic studies using light aversive behavior in mouse models as a surrogate for migraine-associated photophobia.
I will describe how both the brain and the periphery are susceptible to elevated CGRP and how CGRP appears to act by distinct mechanisms in these sites. These ideas will be tied together in a speculative model that integrates peripheral and central CGRP actions in photophobia. Classical trigeminal neuralgia TN is a unique neuropathic facial pain disorder. As there are no diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis, it relies on a thorough history and exam.
MRI is used to exclude symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, not to confirm the diagnosis of TN. Knowing how to interpret MRI findings is of importance with respect to surgical treatment options and their expected chance of a successful outcome. TN is characterized by paroxysms of unilateral intense pain usually in the 2 nd and 3 rd trigeminal branch. The pain quality is stabbing and the pain is typically evoked by sensory stimuli like light touch, brushing teeth, cold wind or eating.
Up to half of the patients also have concomitant persistent pain. A smaller proportion of patients may have sporadic autonomic symptoms.
The average age of disease onset is in the early fifties and TN is slightly more prevalent in women than in men. As a general rule, the neurological exam is normal in TN patients. As objective signs of TN, patients may wince at pain paroxysms and may avoid shaving or brushing their teeth on the affected side. Some studies argue that a proportion of TN patients have subtle sensory abnormalities at bedside exam, primarily hypoesthesia.
Studies using quantitative sensory testing also documented sensory changes in TN. Rather than indicating nerve damage, the findings may be explained by functional changes of the nervous system in response to severe pain. There is widespread consensus that TN is associated to a neurovascular contact between the trigeminal nerve and a blood vessel in the prepontine course of the nerve.
Emerging advanced imaging studies confirms that at the site of a neurovascular contact on the ipsilateral side of pain, there is of demyelination — a process that seems to be reversible in some patients after successful surgery.
Imaging studies also consistently show that TN is strongly associated to a neurovascular contact with morphological changes of the trigeminal nerve, i. Meanwhile, only half of TN patients have morphological changes of the trigeminal nerve and there may be other unknown etiological factors causing TN.
The pearls and pitfalls of TN diagnosis and neuroimaging is discussed from both a clinical and a scientific perspective. The first evidence for potential role of PACAP in pathomechanism of migraine was the intravenous administration of PACAP caused headache and vasodilatation in healthy subjects as well as in migraineurs, and lead to delayed-type migraine-like attacks [2]. Preclinical experiments revealed that both PACAP and PACAP were found elevated in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of rats following electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or chemical stimulation by nitroglycerin of the trigeminovascular system [3].
A magnetic resonance imaging MRI angiographic study demonstrated that PACAPinduced headache was associated with prolonged dilatation of the middle meningeal arteries, but not of the middle cerebral arteries in healthy volunteers [4]. The recent functional imaging study pointed that intravenous PACAPinduced migraine attacks was associated with alterations in brain network connectivity [6]. Clinical investigation provided evidence of a clear association between migraine phases during a spontaneous migraine attack versus pain-free period and the alteration of plasma PACAP level [7].
The activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system by vasoactive neuropeptides might be crucial factors of the migraine pathogenesis [8]. The recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest the importance of PACAP as a future biomarker of migraine headache. Schytz, H.
PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura. Tuka, B. Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system.
Peptides ; Amin, F. Cephalalgia ; Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Brain ; Neurology ; Alterations in PACAPlike immunoreactivity in the plasma during ictal and interictal periods of migraine patients. Several studies are found a relationship between headache and psychiatric comorbidity in both children and adolescents []. The most frequently described comorbidities include anxiety, mood disorders [1], sleep disorder [2] and attention hyperactive disorder [3].
The association between headache and comorbidities has been interpreted in the light of different possible causal pathways. Psychiatric comorbidity may represent the consequence of a link between neurotransmitter systems involved in migraine and psychiatric disorder, such as depression and anxiety [4]. A central role is thought to be played by serotonergic receptors, adrenergic and dopaminergic D2 receptor genotype, that seem to be associated with migraine, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks and phobia [5].
It has been suggested that the patient's vulnerability to anxiety disorders and affective disorders as well as migraine might be attributed to the dysregulation of the serotonergic system [6]. Furthermore, it is possible that each disorder increases the risk of the other [4;7]. Therefore, the relevance of other mediating factors for the co-occurrence of headache and psychiatric comorbidity has to be taken into consideration.
Recent research found that an insecure attachment may be a risk factor for an outcome of poor adaptation that includes chronic pain [9] and that pain perception may change in relation with specific attachment styles.
The ambivalent attachment seems to be the most common style among patients reporting high attack frequency and severe pain intensity and in children with this attachment style there is a relationship between high attack frequency and high anxiety levels [10]. Barone et al. Although more studies are needed in order to detect the biological, genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying the relationship between headache and comorbidities, attachment styles can be regarded as one of the factors mediating this association [12].
Anxiety, depression and behavioral problems among adolescents with recurrent headache: the Young-HUNT study. The relationship between sleep and headache in children: implications for treatment. Headache and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children: common condition with complex relation and disabling consequences.
Epilepsy Behav. Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. Mol Med. Association of 5-HTT gene polymorphisms with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci ; : Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Headache Pain ; Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. Twin Res. Pain and emotion: a biopsychological review of recent research. J Clin Psychol ; 67 9 : Attachment styles in children affected by migraine without aura.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Behavioural problems in children with headache and maternal stress: is children's attachment security a protective factor? Dev ; DOI: The role of attachment insecurity in the emergence of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with migraine: an empirical study. J Headache Pain In Press. Metabolic syndrome and overweight are highly prevalent among migraineurs and the weight-loss was suggested as a useful strategy to improve both migraine and metabolic syndrome.
Recently, we have observed that a particular version of VLCD characterized by very low-carbohydrate intake and Ketone bodies KBs production, named very low-calorie ketogenic diet VLCKD , was able to induce a rapid improvement of headache in migraineurs.
To assess if the favorable outcome on migraine was due to the caloric restriction, instead of KBs, we performed a double blind crossover study to compare headache modifications during a VLCD and a VLCKD in a population of overweighed and obese migraineurs.
Among patients referred to the Sapienza University Obesity Clinic, a neurologist specializing in headache recruited 35 migraineurs. To verify variations in headache frequency, we used as baseline the month before the first VLCD and the first transition diet. Headaches are one of the most disabling disorders [1].
Moreover, recent knowledge have suggested that physical examination for provocative procedures should be done on each patient with side- locked headaches as many of these headaches may closely mimic primary headaches [4]. There have been identified eleven physical tests to properly assess cervical disorders. When these dysfunctions are present, they support a reciprocal interaction between the trigeminal and the cervical systems as a trait symptom in migraine [6, 7].
In this presentation, an evidence based physical protocol of specific tests it will be provided by a physiotherapist to assess musculoskeletal disorders in the most common primary headaches as Migraine and Tension Type Headache.
Moreover, the integration of this examination in a multidisciplinary team it will be discussed. Stovner LJ. Migraine prophylaxis with drugs influencing the renin- angiotensin system. Eur J Neurol. Prevalence of neck pain in migraine and tension-type headache: a population study. Temporomandibular disorders is more prevalent among patients with primary headaches in a tertiary outpatient clinic.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr. Prakash S, Rathore C. Side-locked headache: an algorithm based approach. The Journal of Headache and Pain ; doi International consensus on the most useful physical examination tests used by physiotherapists for patients with headache: A Delphi study. Man Ther. Musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine patients. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition beta version Jul;33 9 Headache represents the most common neurological symptom in pediatric age.
Among the primary headaches, migraine is far more prevalent than tension-type headache and cluster headache. Though extremely rare at this age, also trigeminal autonomic cephalgias have been reported. The most frequent causes of pediatric secondary headaches are represented by respiratory tract infections, while potentially life-threatening diseases, such as brain tumors, are less common.
However, especially in the emergency setting, the possibility that a headache attack is due to a brain tumor must be always considered. To avoid missing these cases, some headache characteristics red flags have been identified [1]. However, while the most recent ICHD criteria improved the possibility to classify some patients, such as children with migraine with aura [2], they turned out to be unsuitable for others, such as young patients with primary headache.
Several studies have shown the primary role played by psychological factors in determining the severity of migraine in children [4]. Therefore, a psychological examination is often mandatory, as part of the initial assessment of the patient.
Lastly, when assessing a child with primary headache, possible comorbidities should be never forgotten, since addressing them can represent a crucial point for the treatment [5]. Headache as an emergency in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep ; Cephalalgia, submitted. Diagnosis of primary headache in children younger than 6 years: A clinical challenge. Cephalalgia ; Chronic Migraine in Children and Adolescents.
Headache and comorbidities in childhood and adolescence. Springer, Whether medication-overuse headache MOH represents a distinct biological entity within the concept of chronic daily headache with specific neurobiological and genetic background is still a matter of debate.
A great deal of interest has been directed at understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie MOH pathogenesis. Currently, two main, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed. The first, stems from the apparent compulsive use of headache medications by MOH patients, and considers this disorder a sort of addiction to symptomatic remedies.
The second shifts the focus from drug addiction to neural sensitization, claiming that triptan overuse triggers adaptations of the trigeminovascular system, thereby facilitating pain transmission and leading to a state of latent sensitization. Answering these questions might be relevant to better understand the neurochemical mechanisms prompted by acute headache medications that underlie the pathophysiology of MOH and of chronic headache in general. In this presentation, preclinical data will be presented showing that chronic exposure to eletriptan or indomethacin alter trigeminal ganglion gene expression patterns broadly and to a similar extend.
Remarkably, qualitative transcriptomic analysis reveals that prolonged exposure to the two different symptomatic drugs triggers almost identical, increased expression of various genes coding for proteins involved in headache pathogenesis such as neuropeptides, their cognate receptors, TRP channels, prostanoid and NO synthesizing enzymes. These findings will be correlated with the clinical aspects of MOH. The dramatic caloric restriction promotes the fat metabolism, mimicking the starvation, even if meals replacements ad hoc developed accounts for essential nutrients, avoiding the malnutrition.
Because of the extreme caloric restriction, this type of diet is very effective in weight loss, however, that characteristic also is the main limit of VLCD, since it is possible to follow this kind of dietetic regimen for a very limited period usually weeks.
Salads are allowed ad libitum dressed with a spoonful of olive oil. Also in this kind of diet, there are meals per day, mainly consisting in meal replacement products. There is a growing interest in the ketogenic form of the VLCD because several studies have shown a higher compliance of patients with this diet. The reason of this higher adherence to the diet is still under scrutiny but several reasons are called in cause: an appetite suppression induced by proteins and maybe by ketone bodies KBs , or a modification in hormone secretion insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, adipokines.
The real impact of ketogenic diets in weight loss is still disputed; in fact, on the long period there are not differences between low-carb and low-fat diets in terms of weight reduction and regain of lost weight after the diet. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3 5.
Firenzuoli, F. Herbal medicine today: Clinical and research issues. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4 s1 , Goswami, C. Jackfruit Artocarpusheterophylus. In Nutritional composition of fruit cultivars pp. Academic Press. Grimaldi, I. From landraces to modern cultivars: field observations on taro Colocasiaesculenta L. Schott in sub-Saharan Africa.
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65 7 , Islam, S. Nutritional and medicinal qualities of sweetpotato tops and leaves. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas.
Iwashina, T. Flavonoids and xanthones from the leaves of Amorphophallustitanum Araceae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 90, Anthocyanins and other flavonoids from Amorphophallustitanum having largest inflorescence in plant kingdom, and other two species. Bull NatlMus Nat Sci. Ser, 41 1 , Biological and cultural bases of the use of medicinal and food plants.
In Evolutionary ethnobiology pp. Springer, Cham. Katare, C. Flax seed: a potential medicinal food. J Nutr Food Sci, 2 1 , Kolayli, S. A member of complementary medicinal food: anatolian royal jellies, their chemical compositions, and antioxidant properties. Krupa, U. Main nutritional and antinutritional compounds of bean seeds- a review.
Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 58 2. Lu, Y. Citrus flavonoids in fruit and traditional Chinese medicinal food ingredients in China. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 61 2 , Mao, Q. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger Zingiberofficinale Roscoe. Foods, 8 6 , Mishra, R. Pharmacological activity of Zingiberofficinale. International Journal of pharmaceutical and chemical sciences, 1 3 , Mohanraj, R.
Sweet Potato Ipomoea batatas [L. Journal of medicinal food, 17 7 , Mubo A. Sonibare, Adedapo A. Adineran Comparative micromorphological study of wild and micropropagated Dioscoreabulbifera Linn. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. Mwanga R. In: Genetic Improvement of Tropical Crops. Rashmi, D. Taro Colocasiaesculenta : an overview. J Med Plant Stud, 6 4 , Rehman, R. Zingiberofficinale Roscoe pharmacological activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5 3.
Rivera, D. The ethnobotanical study of local Mediterranean food plants as medicinal resources in Southern Spain. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement, 56 1 , Sankara Rao, K. Gopalakrishna Bhat Flora of Peninsular India. Saxena, A. Use of modified atmosphere packaging to extend shelf-life of minimally processed jackfruit Artocar pusheterophyllus L. Journal of Food Engineering, 87 4 , Sharma, S. Taro Colocasiaesculenta. Springer, Singapore. Sharstry, R. Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolite from Amorphophallus paeoniifolius for hepatoprotective activity.
Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Shukla, Y. Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food and chemical toxicology, 45 5 , Nutraceutical as medicine: a review. Sujarwo, W. Traditional knowledge of wild and semi-wild edible plants used in Bali Indonesia to maintain biological and cultural diversity. Swami, S. Jackfruit and its many functional components as related to human health: a review.
Phytother Res. Epub May PMID: Wachtel-Galor, S. Lester Packer, Ph. Subir Kumar Malakar1, Mr. Subrata Pal1, Mr. Abhishek Roy2, Mr. E-mail Id: tosubir gmail. Now, those tourism includes food tourism also. This trend has helped in the growth of local food tourism and contributed to the socio-economic development of the locals and branding of the destination.
Culture, heritage, customs, religion, and rituals are integral part of the Indian society and food has an important role to distinguish culture to culture and people to people, and hence attracting a lot of tourists towards the local food and contributing significantly to their economic growth not only for the food sellers but the entire supply chain and all the stakeholders. In this paper, the researchers have tried to highlight and provided an understanding of the local food in growth and development of tourism and its role in local economic development and its potential for country branding.
The data was collected and thoroughly analysed based on review of literature collected in form of articles, journals of tourism management, research papers, related articles, magazines, and government tourism sources. The researcher took North-Indian region as the universe of the study and the findings indicate that significant economic opportunities exist for local food in the development of tourism and recommends that the local food vendors need more awareness in food safety and quality control to win the confidence of the tourists.
Introduction It has been long-established that food is the most primary form of survival. The consumption of foods differs from place to place depending upon the kind of ingredients available. Its ever so varying consumption whether at home or while traveling that provides the feeling of contentment is the process of eating. A tourist who would come to such destinations would not want to leave without trying these delicacies. On the same note, these foods affect the other elements of travel, like fun activities, accommodation, transportation and vice versa.
The surrounding community gets chances of employability due to these activities; the social and economic aspects get observed and measures are taken to continue to get them bettered. The various macroeconomic indicators like the standard of living, GDP, income levels etc, are affected due to the same. This paper helps us try to identify whether local food businesses have a fundamental sense of attracting food tourism in the states of North-India.
As a result, food becomes an important aspect of that place. In other words, food becomes a tradition. To partake in such traditions, people often travel to places. People following a certain tradition, having distinct sorts of foods, styles of preparation, ingredients and other such facets become a source of attraction for many tourists.
Henderson asserts that people traveling to places to explore the local cuisine feel delighted after trying. Some destinations to try traditional food become quite popular while some remain unmapped and untapped. For a traveller to feel fully satisfied, the local cuisine plays a very important role. However, there are some foods in some regions, rural, mostly which are not able to play that role, hence travellers do not get to discover these places.
These foods might have been passed on from generations to generations but never got opportunities to attract recognition. The traditional ways of cooking, age old rituals of food preparations and a plethora of heritage might just be on the verge of extinction. And, if these might remain hidden, there are sure shot chances of them to get extinct, which would otherwise be excellent sources of livelihood to many in the community, a major precursor to attracting potential tourism in the region and would help in the overall development of the place.
This paper eases in tracing the impact of culinary tourism in regional and local development and in determining the factors affecting and altering the potential growth of local foods. Culinary tourism or food tourism is a kind of tourist activity where a traveller travels to a destination to indulge in the food culture of that place. To contribute to diversifying the economic base of the country, improvement of balance of payments and proper infrastructure should be developed which will benefit both the locals and tourists alike Oh, ; Durbarry, , Lankford and Howard, ; Narayan, ; Reid, ; Frechtling and Horvath, , Glasson et al.
By the means of proper marketing, efficient and efficient management of local foods of a region, the number of tourists may increase manifold, they may want to increase their length of stay and this would help increase their overall expenditure. A sustainable model can be planned to develop culinary tourism in some rural parts of North India. The tourism industry is very closely linked with the food production and service business.
While handling food, one must lay special emphasis on hygiene and sanitation. With new disease-causing microorganisms and pathogens becoming more fatal day by day, food safety threats too have evolved at the same time Food safety, For rural places in North India to develop their culinary tourism, proper hygiene and sanitation is a must.
This will not only affect the development of proper standard operating procedures for eating joints to follow, but also will it encourage a sense of responsibility in those handling foods.
It is imperative to note that these reasons will affect the tourist flow in that region. The good use, handling, and processing of local yet quality ingredients might guarantee returning customers. Research Methodology Research Type: To study the numerous employment and possibilities in career options which can be generated by promoting local food tourism, a descriptive type of research was adopted. Questionnaire-Statistical techniques were used to design the questionnaire keeping in account the measurement needs and objectives of the study.
Morgan and Krejcie table were used to determine the statistical sample size of infinite and finite population. Techniques used for Sampling-Employees from star category hotels of North-India were interviewed for collecting their views on the objectives of the study.
Feedback was received from 44 employees at Managerial level. The analysis is written below in tabular form for better interpretation. To examine if employment, entrepreneurship, and direct or indirect career opportunities are created through food tourism and it is progressive and sustainable. Feedback Table A. Question 1,3,4,5 frequency analysis S. This indicates that food tourism can contribute towards the Growth of the cities and help the locals by creating economic opportunities.
Food tourism is generally combined with social activities like festivals, jatra, fairs, seasonal tours etc. Food venders take the opportunity of selling different popular and local specialties items during these occasions to the visitors. It is observed that the gathering of large number of visitors guarantee temporary but good business to the food venders who put up stalls to sell the delicacies. These social activities also create opportunities for temporary employment for the locals.
There are a few areas in North Indian cities where food stalls sell just regional specialties, but as these stalls are only at specific locations, they are less well-known, and hence less amount of revenue is generated. When these regional delicacies are sold or served at large shows or festivals in prominent locales, however, these preparations are in high demand, bringing the vendor good business and cash.
Table-C Question 2 frequency analysis S. Just like the Dabbawalas in Mumbai, North Indian Cities have a provision of homecooked meals delivered and khanawals, which is a prominent feature of attracting food tourism through students in specific. With snow-clad Himalayas and beautiful valleys, Jammu, and Kashmir and especially Kashmir is truly a paradise on Earth. Not only are they a perfect tourist destination for sightseeing but also a heaven for all the foodies.
The Kashmiri Wazwan is a multi-course meal which is like a must-try for many tourists. Having a variety of distinctive utensils and kitchenware like Trami a plate with mound of rice, kebabs, and curries and Samovar a deep jug-like vessel used to prepare noon chai, a salty Kashmiri Tea , Jammu and Kashmir are truly full of wonders.
The aforesaid foods are already very renowned and so is the Kashmiri Wazwan, but not all foods from either the Kashmiri Wazwan or even otherwise are that famous. Just like Chokhi Dhani became a pedestal in popularising Rajasthani food and culture globally, a similar model can be created for the Kashmiri Wazwan to have tourists experience the Kashmiri hospitality.
This can involve the local Wazas Kashmiri Chefs to build up an all-inclusive experience not only for special occasions like weddings but also for the sole aim of popularising and at the same time preserving this unique tradition. Government should aid the Wazas in building the infrastructure like dedicated restaurants not just in the Union Territory but in other places too.
Many people who just cook for sustenance can be provided livelihood and this way the local economy will get a boost. Food hygiene is an integral part for popularising foods. Following ancient methods, yet keeping surfaces clean, washing hands and utensils frequently should be some measures to keep in mind. Uttarakhand Uttarakhand, a state in Northern India is surrounded by the mighty Himalayas and sharing international boundaries with Tibet at the North and Nepal at the east. The state boundaries include Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh.
Foods like finger millet, barnyard millet, horse gram etc. The food of Uttarakhand is rather rustic, homely, and quite comforting owing to the harsh weather in the northern parts. The style of cooking is quite fascinating. The famous sweets from the state include Bal Mithai and Jhangore ki Kheer just to name a few. Having a unique taste, these dishes have become quite popular in and around the state.
Apart from these dishes, there are plenty others that are still not as popular as these when it comes to the tourists. It is essential that these dishes are given their deserved recognition and made popular as not only will it help the local community to prosper but also become great sites for food tourism. The cooks of the indigenous Pahadi cuisine should be given a boost by having them join renowned hotel chains.
This will help encourage the other locals to promote their recipes that were otherwise on the verge of getting extinct. Development of infrastructure to suit the needs and to provide ease to the local community should be taken care of by the local authority or government which will help preserve their tradition.
Hamachali tradition in terms of culture, food, geography always offers a reason to fall in attraction. Identically Himachali dishes are prepared on slow fire and being a boundless source of flavour and aroma.
According to geographic location availability of Rice Basmati Rice is one of the best quality produced here , lentils, pulses are widely acceptable as a staple food and non-vegetarian items are as well very famous. North region of Himachal is like Spiti, Lahaul are comparatively dry and famous for barley, millet, buckwheat etc. Dishes like Aktori, Siddu, Gulgule are mainly cereal based and rural traditional food of that region.
Milk and homemade butter is a part of the everyday life of the locals. Turmeric, coriander powder, cinnamon, cardamom, and cumin are essential spices of the Pahadi cuisine. They conjointly use a great deal of yoghurt as a base to most curries that adds a comforting depth in conjunction with milk and desi drawn butter. The food is made and spicy with a generous sprinkle of spices like cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric, and coriander powder.
Punjab Punjab is one in every of the foremost prosperous states in Asian nation, and therefore the food of Punjab attests to the current in each morsel. And with Pakistan being Punjab's neighbour, loads of Pakistani flavours have conjointly seeped into the cooking of Punjab giving it even a lot of exotic flavour.
Food available here are exotic with blend of different flavours and tastes. Local cuisine blended which shahi style has glorified itself and presently unique dishes of royal taste are available. Cuisine is not only about the ingredients or cooking style, rather it reflects the influence of the environment, skill, experience, and the passion.
This perfect combination is only possible in the place of origin. Uttar Pradesh is famous for some special foods like Biriyani, Kabab, Kofta etc. Beside these, sweet items like Petha, Peda, Kulfi, Gujiya etc. People also look for snack items like Chaat, Samosa, Golgappe etc.
The foods of Uttar Pradesh are famous due to its unique taste which is enriched with proportioned use of exotic spices and other ingredients. Some ingredients are very common which are available in all corners of the country. As mentioned, beside the very popular food items, there are some other dishes which are equally tasty but not known to customers from other states.
Ingredients for these items are very common, available in local areas. Local people who are associated with food related industry, can be approached and motivated to cater the tourists with the real taste of Uttar Pradesh through the mouthwatering, delicious foods. While dealing with food, we should give special importance on hygiene also. It is also known as the land of kings. The state is full tradition and culture.
Cities like Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, and Udaipur are some of the famous cities of the state. There is a variety of food in this state. The popular concept of Marwari Bhoj originated from a place called Marwar in Rajasthan. To popularise the local culture and cuisine, a concept of Chokhi Dhani was developed.
Similar concepts should be promoted and popularised around the area to help the local community development. With the existing establishments, it should be made sure that the employees are following hygiene norms to continue to flourish the already existing tourism.
It has great cities like Gurugram, Faridabad and Chandigarh. The methods of cooking are unique, and the food is rather soul food, hearty, comforting and healthy.
There is a lot of use of milk and its products. Notwithstanding the popularity of the cuisine, it should be kept in mind that there is still a lot of scope of universalising it. Exploring the rural parts can give very important insights about the cuisine. Deriving its roots from other cuisines and making it its own is an incredible thing.
So, measures should be taken to preserve this hidden. These have direct influence on the cuisines of the states. Availability of raw materials also various from state to state. The focus of a prospective tourist is generally on the visual attractions. Many of the tourists try to experience the cuisine of the local area. But unfortunately, due to lack of information they are unable to reach the food joints where the real traditional food would be available.
With proper planning, residents may be motivated to start their own food joints where the authentic, traditional regional food would be served. A tourist should not get confused by the uncommon names on the menu. Most of the popular regional foods are prepared with locally grown ingredients. Hence, they are available in reasonable prices.
This would create earning option for the locals and in future they will be economically self-supported. The tourists would be highly satisfied as they will enjoy a holistic experience. Further, 44 managerial level employees of star category hotels of selected cities of North India were interviewed.
It was not possible to reach the tourists directly for different constraints. Similarly, many tourists also stay in non- classified hotels which were not approached. A detailed survey would reveal in-depth information about the present scenario on this food tourism issue.
In this Research paper we have focused on North Indian States. Further study is recommended with a survey area where states of other regions may be included. Boyne, S. Innovation in rural tourism and regional development: tourism and food production on the Isle of Arran. In Innovation in tourism planning pp. Dublin Institute of Technology. Dixit, S. In Food Tourism in Asia pp. Durbarry, R. Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius. Tourism Economics, 10 4 , Frechtling, D.
Estimating the multiplier effects of tourism expenditures on a local economy through a regional input-output model. Journal of travel research, 37 4 , Henderson, J. Food as a tourism resource: A view from Singapore. Tourism Recreation Research, 29 3 , Lankford, S. Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of tourism research, 21 1 , Johansen Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Apr, Vol. Mak, A. Factors influencing tourist food consumption. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31 3 , Mbaiwa, J.
The challenges and prospects for sustainable tourism and ecotourism in developing countries. Although I did not sign up for the various social media accounts for personal and professional reasons, your presentation allowed me to learn more about three social media platforms.
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